siRNA / miRNA gene silencing Mouse RGC-5

Get tips on using Mouse/Rat TrkC Antibody to perform Immunohistochemistry Mouse - TrkC

Get tips on using Mouse Prolactin DuoSet ELISA to perform ELISA Mouse - PRL

Get tips on using Mouse Myeloperoxidase DuoSet ELISA to perform ELISA Mouse - MPO

Get tips on using Mouse Leptin ELISA Kit to perform ELISA Mouse - Leptin

Get tips on using Mouse Decorin ELISA Kit to perform ELISA Mouse - Decorin

Get tips on using Mouse Osteopontin/OPN Antibody to perform Immunohistochemistry Mouse - Spp1/OPN

Get tips on using TLR10 shRNA (h) Lentiviral Particles to perform shRNA gene silencing Human - THP-1 TLR10

Get tips on using TLR10 shRNA (h) Lentiviral Particles to perform shRNA gene silencing Human - THP-1 TLR10

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been greatly used for studies on embryonic development and cell differentiation.iPSCs provide a stable source for either self-renewal or differentiation into suitable cells when cultured in a particular environment. Pluripotent cell culture was originally started by deriving cells from inner cell mass (ICM) from pre-implanted blastocysts, these were called embryonic stem cells. These cells after isolation can be grown on traditional extracellular matrices (like mouse embryonic fibroblasts, MEFs) or feeder-free culture systems. DMEM/F12 has been the most commonly used basal media in the culture of pluripotent cells. These cells are cultured at normal atmospheric oxygen levels, 21%, however, some studies have proposed that 4% oxygen tension may be better for hESC growth. Higher D-glucose concentration (4.2g/l) and osmolarity (320mOsm) that mimics the natural environment of embryonic tissue are optimal for the growth of hESCs. Supplements like N2 and/or B-27, in the presence of growth factors like bFGF, have been shown to increase pluripotency of these cells. bFGF, FGF2 and other ligands of receptor tyrosine kinases like IGF are also required or maintain self-renewal ability of these cells. TGF𝛃1, by its activation of SMAD2/3 signalling, also represses differentiation of iPSCs. Other compounds like ROCK inhibitors reduce blebbing and apoptosis in these cells to maintain their clonogenicity. However, an inhibitor for LIF (leukaemia inhibitory factor, which is one of the pluripotent genes) has an opposing effect. Therefore, it is important to understand the culture conditions and media composition that affect downstream signalling in hESCs or iPSCs that may lead to their differentiation.

The RNA-guided CRISPR-Cas9 nuclease system has revolutionized the genome editing practices. For the most part, the Cas9-mediated genome editing is performed either via nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) or homology-directed repair (HDR) in mammalian cells, However, designing of specific sgRNAs and minimizing off-target cleavage mediated mutagenesis are the major challenges in CRISPR-Cas based genome editing. To circumvent these issues, we can take advantages of many available tools and approaches for sgRNA construction and delivery.