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Get tips on using mirVana™ miRNA Isolation Kit, with phenol to perform RNA isolation / purification Cells - primary human chondrocytes - osteoarthritis

Get tips on using RNAqueous®-Micro Total RNA Isolation Kit to perform RNA isolation / purification Cells - immortalized SK-BR-3

Get tips on using RNAqueous®-Micro Total RNA Isolation Kit to perform RNA isolation / purification Cells - immortalized ZR-75-1

Get tips on using RNAqueous®-Micro Total RNA Isolation Kit to perform RNA isolation / purification Cells - immortalized MDA-MB-468

Get tips on using RNAqueous®-Micro Total RNA Isolation Kit to perform RNA isolation / purification Cells - immortalized MDA-MB-361

Get tips on using RNAqueous®-Micro Total RNA Isolation Kit to perform RNA isolation / purification Cells - immortalized MDA-MB-231

Get tips on using RNAqueous®-Micro Total RNA Isolation Kit to perform RNA isolation / purification Cells - primary human epithelial cells

Protein expression refers to the techniques in which a protein of interest is synthesized, modified or regulated in cells. The blueprints for proteins are stored in DNA which is then transcribed to produce messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA is then translated into protein. In prokaryotes, this process of mRNA translation occurs simultaneously with mRNA transcription. In eukaryotes, these two processes occur at separate times and in separate cellular regions (transcription in nucleus and translation in the cytoplasm). Recombinant protein expression utilizes cellular machinery to generate proteins, instead of chemical synthesis of proteins as it is very complex. Proteins produced from such DNA templates are called recombinant proteins and DNA templates are simple to construct. Recombinant protein expression involves transfecting cells with a DNA vector that contains the template. The cultured cells can then transcribe and translate the desired protein. The cells can be lysed to extract the expressed protein for subsequent purification. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic protein expression systems are widely used. The selection of the system depends on the type of protein, the requirements for functional activity and the desired yield. These expression systems include mammalian, insect, yeast, bacterial, algal and cell-free. Each of these has pros and cons. Mammalian expression systems can be used for transient or stable expression, with ultra high-yield protein expression. However, high yields are only possible in suspension cultures and more demanding culture conditions. Insect cultures are the same as mammalian, except that they can be used as both static and suspension cultures. These cultures also have demanding culture conditions and may also be time-consuming. Yeast cultures can produce eukaryotic proteins and are scalable, with minimum culture requirements. Yeast cultures may require growth culture optimization. Bacterial cultures are simple, scalable and low cost, but these may require protein-specific optimization and are not suitable for all mammalian proteins. Algal cultures are optimized for robust selection and expression, but these are less developed than other host platforms. Cell-free systems are open, free of any unnatural compounds, fast and simple. This system is, however, not optimal for scaling up.

DNA ladder is typically used as a reference to estimate the size of unknown DNA samples that are separated based on their mobility in an electrical field. The critical points for running a DNA ladder are compatibility with running buffer, agarose gel percentage, and choosing the correct range of DNA ladder for sizing DNA molecules.

DNA ladder is typically used as a reference to estimate the size of unknown DNA samples that are separated based on their mobility in an electrical field. The critical points for running a DNA ladder are compatibility with running buffer, agarose gel percentage, and choosing the correct range of DNA ladder for sizing DNA molecules.