siRNA / miRNA gene silencing Human Caco-2

Get tips on using M-PER™ Mammalian Protein Extraction Reagent to perform Protein isolation Mammalian cells - SK-N-BE(2)-C

Get tips on using OxiSelect™ Intracellular ROS Assay Kit (Green Fluorescence) to perform ROS assay cell type - MiaPaCa-2 pancreatic carcinoma

Get tips on using ROS-ID® Total ROS/Superoxide detection kit to perform ROS assay cell type - MiaPaCa-2 pancreatic carcinoma

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been greatly used for studies on embryonic development and cell differentiation.iPSCs provide a stable source for either self-renewal or differentiation into suitable cells when cultured in a particular environment. Pluripotent cell culture was originally started by deriving cells from inner cell mass (ICM) from pre-implanted blastocysts, these were called embryonic stem cells. These cells after isolation can be grown on traditional extracellular matrices (like mouse embryonic fibroblasts, MEFs) or feeder-free culture systems. DMEM/F12 has been the most commonly used basal media in the culture of pluripotent cells. These cells are cultured at normal atmospheric oxygen levels, 21%, however, some studies have proposed that 4% oxygen tension may be better for hESC growth. Higher D-glucose concentration (4.2g/l) and osmolarity (320mOsm) that mimics the natural environment of embryonic tissue are optimal for the growth of hESCs. Supplements like N2 and/or B-27, in the presence of growth factors like bFGF, have been shown to increase pluripotency of these cells. bFGF, FGF2 and other ligands of receptor tyrosine kinases like IGF are also required or maintain self-renewal ability of these cells. TGF𝛃1, by its activation of SMAD2/3 signalling, also represses differentiation of iPSCs. Other compounds like ROCK inhibitors reduce blebbing and apoptosis in these cells to maintain their clonogenicity. However, an inhibitor for LIF (leukaemia inhibitory factor, which is one of the pluripotent genes) has an opposing effect. Therefore, it is important to understand the culture conditions and media composition that affect downstream signalling in hESCs or iPSCs that may lead to their differentiation.

Get tips on using QCM ECMatrix Cell Invasion Assay, 24-well (8 µm), fluorimetric to perform Cell migration / Invasion cell type - SaOS-2

Protein isolation is a technique that involves isolation and/ or purification of protein from cells or tissues via chromatography or electrophoresis. The major challenges in protein isolation include: 1. The concentration of proteins in cells is variable and tends to be small for some intracellular proteins. Unlike nucleic acids, proteins cannot be amplified. 2. Proteins are more unstable than nucleic acids. They are easily denatured under suboptimal temperature, pH or salt concentrations. 3. Finally, no generalized technique/protocol can be applied for protein isolation. Proteins may have different electrostatic (number of positively or negatively charged amino acids) or hydrophobic properties. Therefore, protein purification requires multiple steps depending on their charge (a negatively charged resin/column for positively charged proteins and vice-versa), dissolution (using detergents) and unlike in the case of DNA and RNA, instead of using salts, proteins should be isolated by isoelectric precipitation.

Get tips on using AmpFLSTR™ Identifiler™ Plus PCR Amplification Kit to perform Cell line authentication Ovarian cancer cell line ES-2

Get tips on using NEBNext® Ultra™ Directional RNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina® to perform RNA sequencing Mouse - BV-2

Get tips on using QuikChange Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit, 10 Rxn to perform Site Directed Mutagenesis (SDM) Rat - Point mutation Rat-2 MMP-9 promoter

Get tips on using APO-BrdU™ TUNEL Assay Kit, with Alexa Fluor™ 488 Anti-BrdU to perform DNA Damage Assay U-2 OS