Site Directed Mutagenesis (SDM) Human Insertion HepG2

Cell cytotoxicity assays measure the ability of certain compounds or chemical mediators to reduce the viability of the cells. The term cell cytotoxicity assay can sometimes be used interchangeably with cell proliferation assay. Healthy living cells can be identified by the use of formazan dyes, protease biomarkers or by measuring ATP content. The formazan dyes are chromogenic products formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts by dehydrogenases, such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and reductases that are released during cell death. Common tetrazolium salts include INT, MTT, MTS and XTT. Cell cytotoxicity can also be measured by using the SRB and WST-1 assays. These assays can usually be used in a high-throughput fashion and can be quantitated by measuring absorbance, colorimetry or luminescence. All these assays require similar numbers of cell plating at the initiation, a time course of treatment with the cytotoxic agent and at least triplicates for each condition at every point of analysis. Cell shrinkage, plasma membrane blebbing, cell detachment, externalization of phosphatidylserine, nuclear condensation and ultimately DNA fragmentation are well-described features of apoptosis. The assays that rely on cell membrane integrity for their function, may not be able to quantify early apoptosis. Therefore, in order to distinguish early apoptotic vs. late apoptotic or necrotic cells, additional flow cytometry techniques can be used. A combination of Annexin V and PI (propidium iodide) can be used to distinguish early (Annexin V+/PI-) and late apoptotic (Annexin V+/PI+) cells. Sometimes, caspase assays are used in order to differentiate the stages of apoptosis.

Cell cytotoxicity assays measure the ability of certain compounds or chemical mediators to reduce the viability of the cells. The term cell cytotoxicity assay can sometimes be used interchangeably with cell proliferation assay. Healthy living cells can be identified by the use of formazan dyes, protease biomarkers or by measuring ATP content. The formazan dyes are chromogenic products formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts by dehydrogenases, such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and reductases that are released during cell death. Common tetrazolium salts include INT, MTT, MTS and XTT. Cell cytotoxicity can also be measured by using the SRB and WST-1 assays. These assays can usually be used in a high-throughput fashion and can be quantitated by measuring absorbance, colorimetry or luminescence. All these assays require similar numbers of cell plating at the initiation, a time course of treatment with the cytotoxic agent and at least triplicates for each condition at every point of analysis. Cell shrinkage, plasma membrane blebbing, cell detachment, externalization of phosphatidylserine, nuclear condensation and ultimately DNA fragmentation are well-described features of apoptosis. The assays that rely on cell membrane integrity for their function, may not be able to quantify early apoptosis. Therefore, in order to distinguish early apoptotic vs. late apoptotic or necrotic cells, additional flow cytometry techniques can be used. A combination of Annexin V and PI (propidium iodide) can be used to distinguish early (Annexin V+/PI-) and late apoptotic (Annexin V+/PI+) cells. Sometimes, caspase assays are used in order to differentiate the stages of apoptosis.

Get tips on using Silencer® Select_FPr1/Silencer® Select_FPr2 siRNA to perform siRNA / miRNA gene silencing Mouse - Neuro 2a Fpr1/Fpr2

Get tips on using Silencer®_Faslg siRNA (r) to perform siRNA / miRNA gene silencing Rat - F98 Faslg

Get tips on using Silencer® Select_Alkbh1 siRNA (r) to perform siRNA / miRNA gene silencing Rat - B35 Alkbh1

Get tips on using Silencer® siRNA(m) Nostrin to perform siRNA / miRNA gene silencing Mouse - MS1 Nostrin

Get tips on using Silencer®_Skiv2l2 siRNA (m) to perform siRNA / miRNA gene silencing Mouse - P19 Skiv2l2

Get tips on using Silencer® Select_Vamp2 siRNA(r) to perform siRNA / miRNA gene silencing Rat - RBL-2H3 Vamp2

Get tips on using Silencer® Select_Vamp7 siRNA(r) to perform siRNA / miRNA gene silencing Rat - RBL-2H3 Vamp7

Get tips on using Silencer® Select_Mapk14/p38 siRNA(r) to perform siRNA / miRNA gene silencing Rat - NRVM( Mapk14/p38