Protein Expression Eukaryotic cells HEK293

Get tips on using Luminescent β-galactosidase Detection Kit II to perform Reporter gene assay β-galactosidase substrates - HEK293 human embryonic kidney cells

Get tips on using Senescence β-Galactosidase Staining Kit - Cell Signaling to perform Reporter gene assay β-galactosidase substrates - HEK293 human embryonic kidney cells

Get tips on using pPZP-RCS2-ocs-nptII to perform Protein Expression Prokaryotic cells - A. tumefaciens α-amylase, amylopullulanase, and glucoamylase

Get tips on using pET30 Ek/LIC-Colα3(IV) NC1 to perform Protein Expression Prokaryotic cells - E. coli Colα3(IV) NC1

Get tips on using Flp-In™ T-REx™ 293 Cell Line to perform Protein expression and purification Mammalian cells - HeLa ChaC1

Get tips on using NucleoSpin® RNA/Protein to perform Protein isolation Mammalian cells - Human eutopic endometrial stromal cells

Protein isolation is a technique that involves isolation and/ or purification of protein from cells or tissues via chromatography or electrophoresis. The major challenges in protein isolation include: 1. The concentration of proteins in cells is variable and tends to be small for some intracellular proteins. Unlike nucleic acids, proteins cannot be amplified. 2. Proteins are more unstable than nucleic acids. They are easily denatured under suboptimal temperature, pH or salt concentrations. 3. Finally, no generalized technique/protocol can be applied for protein isolation. Proteins may have different electrostatic (number of positively or negatively charged amino acids) or hydrophobic properties. Therefore, protein purification requires multiple steps depending on their charge (a negatively charged resin/column for positively charged proteins and vice-versa), dissolution (using detergents) and unlike in the case of DNA and RNA, instead of using salts, proteins should be isolated by isoelectric precipitation.

Protein isolation is a technique that involves isolation and/ or purification of protein from cells or tissues via chromatography or electrophoresis. The major challenges in protein isolation include: 1. The concentration of proteins in cells is variable and tends to be small for some intracellular proteins. Unlike nucleic acids, proteins cannot be amplified. 2. Proteins are more unstable than nucleic acids. They are easily denatured under suboptimal temperature, pH or salt concentrations. 3. Finally, no generalized technique/protocol can be applied for protein isolation. Proteins may have different electrostatic (number of positively or negatively charged amino acids) or hydrophobic properties. Therefore, protein purification requires multiple steps depending on their charge (a negatively charged resin/column for positively charged proteins and vice-versa), dissolution (using detergents) and unlike in the case of DNA and RNA, instead of using salts, proteins should be isolated by isoelectric precipitation.

DNA microarrays enable researchers to monitor the expression of thousands of genes simultaneously. However, the sensitivity, accuracy, specificity, and reproducibility are major challenges for this technology. Cross-hybridization, combination with splice variants, is a prime source for the discrepancies in differential gene expression calls among various microarray platforms. Removing (either from production or downstream bioinformatic analysis) and/or redesigning the microarray probes prone to cross-hybridization is a reasonable strategy to increase the hybridization specificity and hence, the accuracy of the microarray measurements.