Publication protocol
Plasmid Constructs. The β-arrestin-1 and β-arrestin-2 genes were searched for GREs and nGREs using Sequence Motif Search (www.genome.jp) and DNA Pattern Find (4). Fragments from the β-arrestin-1 promoter, β-arrestin-1 intron-1, β-arrestin-2 promoter, and β-arrestin-2 intron-11 were amplified from A549
cell genomic DNA using the FastStart High-Fidelity PCR System (Roche). The β-arrestin-1 promoter (∼1.7 kb) was cloned into pGL3-Basic (Promega) to generate βarr1-Pro using the following
primers: 5′-GTTCAGGCTAGCGTCCGCGACGGTCGCAGGGAGGTC-3′ and 5′-GTTCAGGGTACCGTGGAGAGTGGCAGGACCTGGCTTCACC-3′. The β-arrestin-2 promoter (∼1.0 kb) was cloned into pGL3-Basic to generate βarr2-Pro
using the following primers: 5′-GTTCACGGTACCTTCTGCGCATCCTTCAGAAAGACTGTCCTC-3′ and 5′-GTTCACAGATCTTCGGTTCGCGGCTCGCTCGCAGC-3′. The β-arrestin-1 intron-1 fragment (∼500 bp) was cloned into pGL4.23 (Promega) in the forward and reverse orientations to generate intron1F-GRE and intron1R-GRE, respectively, using the following primers: 5′-GTTCAGGGATCCTGCAGTCCCTCCTATGTGGACAGG-3′ and 5′-GTTCAGGGATCCGCTGTTGAACCACTGAATGG-3′. The intron-1 GRE sequence GGAACAnnnAGTTCT was mutated to GGAAGGnnnAAGTAT
using the QuikChange site-directed mutagenesis kit (Stratagene) to generate intron1F-mut and intron1R-mut. The β-arrestin-2 intron11 fragment (∼800 bp) was cloned into pGL4.23 in the forward and reverse orientations to generate intron11F-nGRE and intron11RnGRE, respectively, using the following primers: 5′-GTTCGTAGATCTCAGCAGGTTTAGTGACAAGTATGAAGGAG-3′ and
5′-GTTCGTAGATCTGAGAGGCATCGTGAAGAGGACGACGAC-3′. The β-arrestin-2 intron-11 fragment (∼800 bp) was
subcloned into βarr2-Pro in the forward and reverse orientations to generate Pro-intron11F-nGRE and Pro-intron11R-nGRE, respectively. The intron-11 IR1nGRE sequence TTCCnGGAGA was mutated to TGAAnAAAGA using site-directed mutagenesis to generate Pro-intron11F-mut1. The intron-11 IR1nGRE was mutated as above, and the IR0nGRE sequence ATCCGGAGA was mutated to AGAAAAAGA using site-directed mutagenesis to generate Pro-intron11F-mut2. The sequence of all constructs was confirmed by DNA sequencing.
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