Publication protocol
Pancreata were dissected and fixed in 10% PBS-formalin for 24 h. After paraffin embedding and sectioning (5 μm), tissues were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H-E). For immunofluorescence (IF) and immunohistochemistry (IHC), paraffin-embedded sections were incubated with primary antibodies for 24 h at 4°C and subsequently decorated with secondary antibodies for 1 h at room temperature (RT). Antibodies used were a polyclonal anti-mitoNEET antibody (1:250; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX), a guinea pig anti-swine insulin antibody (1:500; Dako, Carpinteria, CA), a rabbit antiglucagon antibody (1:250; Zymed, Grand Island, NY), and a polyclonal goat beclin-1 antibody (1:250; Santa Cruz Biotechnology). For IHC, sections were incubated with biotinylated secondary antibodies (anti-guinea pig antibody [1:500], anti-rabbit antibody [1:200], or anti-goat antibody [1:500]; Dako) for 1 h at RT, then reactions were developed using DAB (3,3'-diaminobenzidine) chromogen and DAB substrate buffer (Dako). All images were acquired with an Olympus FSZ100 light microscope or a Zeiss AxioObserver epifluorescence microscope. For microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3-II) IF staining, isolated islets were treated for 30 min at 37°C with a mixture containing CYTO-ID Green Detection Reagent Hoechst 33342 Nuclear Stain per manufacturer protocol (CYTO-ID Autophagy Detection Kit; Enzo Life Sciences, Inc., Farmingdale, NY). As a positive control, WT islets were pretreated with rapamycin (500 nmol/L). Islets were then washed twice with 1× assay buffer and transferred to a glass microscope slide. Autophagic signal was imaged by using confocal microscopy in the fluorescein isothiocyanate 488-nm excitable green fluorescent detection range (Leica TCS SP5 confocal microscope).
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