Publication protocol
In parallel with autophagic vacuoles analysis, OLE-treated cells were analyzed by western blotting. To this purpose, the cells were lysed directly in Laemmli buffer (60 mM Tris-HCl pH 6.8, 2% (w/v) SDS, 10 mM EDTA, 10% (w/v) glycerol). Before immunoblotting, protein concentration was determined with a BCA detection kit (Pierce, USA) and adjusted to equal concentrations across different samples. The samples were added with β-mercaptoethanol and bromophenol blue, boiled for 10 min, clarified at 10000 × g for 10 min, run on 12% SDS-PAGE and transferred to PVDF membranes (Amersham Bioscience, UK). After blocking with 5.0% (w/v) BSA in 0.1% (v/v) PBS-Tween-20 or directly with methanol, the membranes were incubated overnight at 4°C with specific primary antibodies: rabbit polyclonal anti-beclin1 antibody (1:2000, Abcam), rabbit polyclonal anti-LC3II A/B antibody (1:1000, Cell Signaling), rabbit monoclonal anti-phospho-AMPKα (Thr172) and anti-AMPKα antibodies (1:1000, Cell Signaling). Mouse monoclonal anti-β−actin antibody (1:1000, Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.) was used for protein load normalization. The day after, the blots were incubated for 1.0 h with specific secondary antibodies (1:10000, goat anti-rabbit antibody and goat anti-mouse antibody, Molecular Probes, Life Technologies); the immunoreactive bands were detected with the Immobilon Western Chemiluminescent HRP substrate (Millipore) or SuperSignal West Pico chemiluminescent substrate (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and quantified by densitometric analysis using a ChemiDoc system and the Quantity One software (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Italy). Statistical analysis of the bands was performed on results from at least three independent experiments, using ANOVA and Bonferroni's post-test.
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