Publication protocol
Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were performed as previously described (14,19). Cross-linked 832/13 or NIH 3T3-L1 chromatin (1 mg) was incubated overnight (18 h) at 4°C with 3 μg rabbit anti-ChREBP (ab157153; Abcam) antibody, anti-Myc antibody (N-262, sc-764; Santa Cruz Biotechnology), or normal rabbit IgG (Santa Cruz Biotechnology). Immune complexes were captured with 60 μL 50% protein A-Sepharose agarose slurry (Millipore #16-157). DNA-protein crosslinking was reversed by adding 50% Chelex beads and boiling 10 min. Quantitative PCR using SYBR Green was performed in 5 µL supernatant containing immunoprecipitated DNA fragments, as previously described (14,19).
For ChIP from frozen liver tissue, liver tissue was finely powdered and fixed with 1% formaldehyde. The powder was homogenized with a Dounce homogenizer with tight (A) pestle in a hypotonic solution (10 mmol/L HEPES [pH 7.9], 1.5 mmol/L MgCl2, 10 mmol/L KCl, 0.2% Nonidet P-40, 0.2 mmol/L sodium orthovanadate, 0.15 mmol/L spermine, 0.5 mmol/L spermidine, 1 mmol/L EDTA, 5% sucrose, 1 mmol/L dithiothreitol, and protease inhibitors) and layered onto a sucrose cushion buffer (10 mmol/L Tris/HCl [pH 7.5], 15 mmol/L NaCl, 60 mmol/L KCl, 0.15 mmol/L spermine, 0.5 mmol/L spermidine, 1 mmol/L EDTA, 10% sucrose, and protease inhibitors). Sucrose gradient centrifugation was performed for 1 h at 30,000 rpm. The pellet was washed once with ice-cold PBS and resuspended in SDS lysis buffer. The sample was then sonicated with a Bioruptor and processed as described above.
For rat islets, we used a micro-ChIP assay. Briefly, rat islets cultured with 20 mmol/L glucose culture medium for 2 days were crosslinked with 1% formaldehyde, followed by neutralization with 125 mmol/L glycine. After fixation, a ChIP assay was performed using the Thermo Scientific Pierce Magnetic ChIP Kit (Cat. #26157), according to the manufacturers’ instructions. Antibodies to ChREBP (Thermo Scientific, Cat. #PA5-22924) and IgG control antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Cat. #2027) were used to immunoprecipitate chromatin-bound supernatants.
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