Publication protocol
Adipose tissue samples were homogenized (FastPrep®‐24, MP Biomedicals, Santa Ana, CA) in two volumes of ice‐cold cell lysis buffer (Invitrogen, Burlington, ON) supplemented with protease inhibitor cocktail (as per the manufacturer's instructions; Sigma‐Aldrich, Oakville, ON, Canada) and 0.05% of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (BioShop, Burlington, ON, Canada). Homogenized samples were centrifuged for 10 min at 1,500g at 4°C. Lipids were removed, the infranatant was collected, and protein concentration was determined with a bicinchoninic acid assay (28) (ThermoScientific, Rockford, IL). Western Blotting was performed as described previously by our laboratory (29-32). Briefly, membranes were incubated in primary antibodies diluted in TBST/5% nonfat dry milk (COX4 [CAT#:MS407], CORE1 [CAT#: MS303]: MitoSciences, Eugene, OR; β‐actin [CAT#: ab8227]: Abcam, Toronto, ON, Canada; adipose tissue triglyceride lipase [ATGL] [CAT#:2138], p‐SMAD2 [ser465/467] [CAT#:3101]: Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA, USA) or TBST/5% bovine serum albumin (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase [PEPCK] [CAT#:10004943]: Cayman Chemicals, Ann Arbour, MI; ERK1/2 [CAT#:4695], p‐ERK1/2 [thr202/tyr204] [CAT#:9101], hormone‐sensitive lipase [HSL] [CAT#:4107], SMAD2 [CAT#: 5339], SMAD3 [CAT#: 9523], SMAD5 [CAT#:9517], p‐SMAD1 [ser463/465] /5[ser463/465] /8[ser426/428] [CAT#: 9511], p‐SMAD3 [CAT#: 9520], JNK [CAT#:9252], p‐JNK [thr183/tyr185] [CAT#:4671], TGF‐β Receptor I [CAT#:3712], TGF‐β Receptor II [CAT#:11888]: Cell Signaling; SMAD1 [CAT#:sc‐81378], SMAD8 [CAT#:sc‐11393]: Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX; SMAD4 [CAT#:ABE21]: Millipore, Billerica, MA; SMAD6 [CAT#:PA1‐410216], SMAD7 [CAT#:PA1‐41506]: ThermoScientific; SMURF2 [CAT#:ab53316], Cytochrome C [CAT#:ab110325], DGAT1 [CAT#:ab54037], GPAT [CAT#:ab69990], α‐tubulin [CAT#: ab7291]: Abcam; SMAD Anchor for Receptor Activation [SARA] [CAT#:GTX63430]: Genetex, Irvine, CA; DGAT2 [CAT#:IMG‐30279]: Imgenex, San Diego, CA; CD36 was generously provided by Dr. Tandon (33)) overnight at 4°C. After TBST washes, membranes were incubated at room temperature with appropriate HRP‐conjugated secondary antibodies (Jackson ImmunoResearch, West Grove, PA) diluted in TBST/1% nonfat dry milk for 1h. Enhanced chemiluminescence (ThermoScientific) was used to detect signals, which were then quantified by densiometry (Fluorchem HD2, ProteinSimple, Santa Clara, CA).
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