Site Directed Mutagenesis (SDM) Human Point mutation MDA-MB-231

Cell cytotoxicity assays measure the ability of certain compounds or chemical mediators to reduce the viability of the cells. The term cell cytotoxicity assay can sometimes be used interchangeably with cell proliferation assay. Healthy living cells can be identified by the use of formazan dyes, protease biomarkers or by measuring ATP content. The formazan dyes are chromogenic products formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts by dehydrogenases, such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and reductases that are released during cell death. Common tetrazolium salts include INT, MTT, MTS and XTT. Cell cytotoxicity can also be measured by using the SRB and WST-1 assays. These assays can usually be used in a high-throughput fashion and can be quantitated by measuring absorbance, colorimetry or luminescence. All these assays require similar numbers of cell plating at the initiation, a time course of treatment with the cytotoxic agent and at least triplicates for each condition at every point of analysis. Cell shrinkage, plasma membrane blebbing, cell detachment, externalization of phosphatidylserine, nuclear condensation and ultimately DNA fragmentation are well-described features of apoptosis. The assays that rely on cell membrane integrity for their function, may not be able to quantify early apoptosis. Therefore, in order to distinguish early apoptotic vs. late apoptotic or necrotic cells, additional flow cytometry techniques can be used. A combination of Annexin V and PI (propidium iodide) can be used to distinguish early (Annexin V+/PI-) and late apoptotic (Annexin V+/PI+) cells. Sometimes, caspase assays are used in order to differentiate the stages of apoptosis.

Get tips on using Q5® Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit to perform Site Directed Mutagenesis (SDM) Dog - Insertion MDCK SLC26A7

Get tips on using Q5® Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit to perform Site Directed Mutagenesis (SDM) Dog - Insertion MDCK SLC26A9

Get tips on using Q5® Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit to perform Site Directed Mutagenesis (SDM) Dog - Insertion MDCK SLC26A5

Get tips on using GeneArt™ Site-Directed Mutagenesis PLUS System to perform Site Directed Mutagenesis (SDM) Human - Insertion SKOV3 miR-134

Get tips on using QuikChange Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit, 10 Rxn to perform Site Directed Mutagenesis (SDM) Human - Insertion HepG2 keratin 8

Get tips on using GeneArt™ Site-Directed Mutagenesis System to perform Site Directed Mutagenesis (SDM) Mouse - C2C12 myogenin

Get tips on using Q5® Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit to perform Site Directed Mutagenesis (SDM) Mouse - C2C12 miR-145 target site

Get tips on using QuikChange Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit, 10 Rxn to perform Site Directed Mutagenesis (SDM) Human - Deletion HEK 293T BART promoter

Get tips on using QuikChange Lightning Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit to perform Site Directed Mutagenesis (SDM) Mouse - Deletion L929 ICP6