Site Directed Mutagenesis (SDM) Human Point mutation BxPC-3

Get tips on using Rat GE 4x44K v3 Microarray Kit to perform Microarray Gene expression arrays - Rat pancreas tissue Cyanine 3 & cyanine 5

Get tips on using Rat GE 4x44K v3 Microarray Kit to perform Microarray Gene expression arrays - Rat cholangio carcinoma cyanine 3 & cyanine 5

Get tips on using Mouse Gene Expression v2 4x44K Microarray Kit to perform Microarray Gene expression arrays - Mouse liver tissue Cyanine-3-CTP

Get tips on using QCM ECMatrix Cell Invasion Assay, 24-well (8 µm), fluorimetric to perform Cell migration / Invasion cell type - PC-3

Get tips on using QCM ECMatrix Cell Invasion Assay, 24-well (8 µm), fluorimetric to perform Cell migration / Invasion cell type - PC-3

Get tips on using 3D-Gene® Mouse miRNA Oligo chip (ver.21) to perform Microarray Gene expression arrays - Mouse liver tissue Cyanine-3-CTP

Get tips on using Click-iT™ EdU Alexa Fluor™ 555 Imaging Kit to perform Cell cytotoxicity / Proliferation assay cell type - PC-3

Get tips on using CellTiter 96® AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay (MTS) to perform Cell cytotoxicity / Proliferation assay cell type - PC-3

Cell cytotoxicity assays measure the ability of certain compounds or chemical mediators to reduce the viability of the cells. The term cell cytotoxicity assay can sometimes be used interchangeably with cell proliferation assay. Healthy living cells can be identified by the use of formazan dyes, protease biomarkers or by measuring ATP content. The formazan dyes are chromogenic products formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts by dehydrogenases, such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and reductases that are released during cell death. Common tetrazolium salts include INT, MTT, MTS and XTT. Cell cytotoxicity can also be measured by using the SRB and WST-1 assays. These assays can usually be used in a high-throughput fashion and can be quantitated by measuring absorbance, colorimetry or luminescence. All these assays require similar numbers of cell plating at the initiation, a time course of treatment with the cytotoxic agent and at least triplicates for each condition at every point of analysis. Cell shrinkage, plasma membrane blebbing, cell detachment, externalization of phosphatidylserine, nuclear condensation and ultimately DNA fragmentation are well-described features of apoptosis. The assays that rely on cell membrane integrity for their function, may not be able to quantify early apoptosis. Therefore, in order to distinguish early apoptotic vs. late apoptotic or necrotic cells, additional flow cytometry techniques can be used. A combination of Annexin V and PI (propidium iodide) can be used to distinguish early (Annexin V+/PI-) and late apoptotic (Annexin V+/PI+) cells. Sometimes, caspase assays are used in order to differentiate the stages of apoptosis.

A PCR reaction consists of the template DNA, two primers covering the amplification site, an enzyme, and buffers. Multiplexing such a reaction amplifies the design challenges where one target requires 3 primers, which should be exclusively bound nowhere in the template DNA or to each other. Similarly, two targets require 6, three require 9, and so on. Each amplicon needs to be either a different size (for gels) or labeled with a different fluorescent tag that is spectrally distinct from the others in the reaction. Further complicating this, different targets in the reaction can compete with each other for resources and causes more challenges in the detection of amplicons. However, with proper primer designing, their validation, optimize quality and concentration of the enzyme and buffers certainly lead to a successful multiplex PCR reaction.