dna-quantification-human-hela

Cell cytotoxicity assays measure the ability of certain compounds or chemical mediators to reduce the viability of the cells. The term cell cytotoxicity assay can sometimes be used interchangeably with cell proliferation assay. Healthy living cells can be identified by the use of formazan dyes, protease biomarkers or by measuring ATP content. The formazan dyes are chromogenic products formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts by dehydrogenases, such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and reductases that are released during cell death. Common tetrazolium salts include INT, MTT, MTS and XTT. Cell cytotoxicity can also be measured by using the SRB and WST-1 assays. These assays can usually be used in a high-throughput fashion and can be quantitated by measuring absorbance, colorimetry or luminescence. All these assays require similar numbers of cell plating at the initiation, a time course of treatment with the cytotoxic agent and at least triplicates for each condition at every point of analysis. Cell shrinkage, plasma membrane blebbing, cell detachment, externalization of phosphatidylserine, nuclear condensation and ultimately DNA fragmentation are well-described features of apoptosis. The assays that rely on cell membrane integrity for their function, may not be able to quantify early apoptosis. Therefore, in order to distinguish early apoptotic vs. late apoptotic or necrotic cells, additional flow cytometry techniques can be used. A combination of Annexin V and PI (propidium iodide) can be used to distinguish early (Annexin V+/PI-) and late apoptotic (Annexin V+/PI+) cells. Sometimes, caspase assays are used in order to differentiate the stages of apoptosis.

Get tips on using DeadEnd™ Fluorometric TUNEL System to perform TUNEL assay cell type - A549, NCI-H460, H1299 human alveolar carcinoma

Get tips on using DeadEnd™ Fluorometric TUNEL System to perform TUNEL assay cell type - A127, U87MG, U251MG, T98G human glioblastoma cells

Get tips on using In Situ Cell Death Detection Kit, Fluorescein to perform TUNEL assay cell type - SKOV3, Caov3 human ovarian cancer

Get tips on using in situ Cell Death Detection Kit, POD to perform TUNEL assay cell type - PANC-1 human pancriatic cancer

Get tips on using In Situ Cell Death Detection Kit, Fluorescein to perform TUNEL assay cell type - FaDu human squamous cell carcinoma

Get tips on using In Situ Cell Death Detection Kit, Fluorescein to perform TUNEL assay cell type - PC-3 human prostate cancer

Get tips on using In Situ Cell Death Detection Kit, Fluorescein to perform TUNEL assay cell type - SK-MEL-2 human melanoma

Site-directed mutagenesis (SDM) can be challenging, particularly during detection/confirmation of (SDM) in colonies by sequencing or PCR techniques. This common issue in SDM is heavily relying on designing of mutagenic primer pairs. The best solution is to design the mutagenic primers that have extended 3'-ends/3'-overhang. This would provide the annealing region between the mutagenic primer pair is essentially shorter. and hence ensure a lower annealing temperature for the primer pair along with a higher chance of annealing to the template.

Site-directed mutagenesis (SDM) can be challenging, particularly during detection/confirmation of (SDM) in colonies by sequencing or PCR techniques. This common issue in SDM is heavily relying on designing of mutagenic primer pairs. The best solution is to design the mutagenic primers that have extended 3'-ends/3'-overhang. This would provide the annealing region between the mutagenic primer pair is essentially shorter. and hence ensure a lower annealing temperature for the primer pair along with a higher chance of annealing to the template.