ELISA (kit) IL-6, IL-1β, IL-8 and TNF-α

Get tips on using CytoSelect™ 24-Well Cell Migration and Invasion Assay Combo Kit, 8 µm to perform Cell migration / Invasion cell type - PC-3

Get tips on using CytoSelect™ 24-Well Cell Migration and Invasion Assay Combo Kit, 8 µm to perform Cell migration / Invasion cell type - SK-MEL-1

Get tips on using pwPICZalpha-DT390-bi-pIL-2-Gly to perform Protein Expression Eukaryotic cells - P. pastoris Porcine IL-2 fusion toxins

Get tips on using GeneArt™ Site-Directed Mutagenesis System to perform Site Directed Mutagenesis (SDM) Human - Point mutation THP-1 IL-33

Get tips on using Anti-TNF alpha antibody (ab6671) to perform Western blotting TNF-alpha

Western blotting is a widely used technique to size separate proteins from a pool of cell or tissue lysates. The technique has 4 major steps: a) gel electrophoresis, b) blocking and treatment with antigen specific antibody, c) treatment with secondary antibody and finally d) detection and visualization. Though western blotting is a widely used technique, detection of specific proteins depends on several factors, the major ones are antibody concentration, incubation time and washing steps. Key points for obtaining clean blots are: always prepare fresh buffer solutions and optimize antibody concentration. Given the advent of high-throughput protein analysis and a push to limit the use of lab consumables, onestep antibodies are developed which recognise protein of interest and also contain a detection label.

Protein expression refers to the techniques in which a protein of interest is synthesized, modified or regulated in cells. The blueprints for proteins are stored in DNA which is then transcribed to produce messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA is then translated into protein. In prokaryotes, this process of mRNA translation occurs simultaneously with mRNA transcription. In eukaryotes, these two processes occur at separate times and in separate cellular regions (transcription in nucleus and translation in the cytoplasm). Recombinant protein expression utilizes cellular machinery to generate proteins, instead of chemical synthesis of proteins as it is very complex. Proteins produced from such DNA templates are called recombinant proteins and DNA templates are simple to construct. Recombinant protein expression involves transfecting cells with a DNA vector that contains the template. The cultured cells can then transcribe and translate the desired protein. The cells can be lysed to extract the expressed protein for subsequent purification. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic protein expression systems are widely used. The selection of the system depends on the type of protein, the requirements for functional activity and the desired yield. These expression systems include mammalian, insect, yeast, bacterial, algal and cell-free. Each of these has pros and cons. Mammalian expression systems can be used for transient or stable expression, with ultra high-yield protein expression. However, high yields are only possible in suspension cultures and more demanding culture conditions. Insect cultures are the same as mammalian, except that they can be used as both static and suspension cultures. These cultures also have demanding culture conditions and may also be time-consuming. Yeast cultures can produce eukaryotic proteins and are scalable, with minimum culture requirements. Yeast cultures may require growth culture optimization. Bacterial cultures are simple, scalable and low cost, but these may require protein-specific optimization and are not suitable for all mammalian proteins. Algal cultures are optimized for robust selection and expression, but these are less developed than other host platforms. Cell-free systems are open, free of any unnatural compounds, fast and simple. This system is, however, not optimal for scaling up.

Get tips on using pwPICZalpha-DT390-bi-pIL-2-Non-N-Gly to perform Protein Expression Eukaryotic cells - P. pastoris Porcine IL-2 fusion toxins

Get tips on using Cell Counting Kit-8 to perform Cell cytotoxicity / Proliferation assay cell type - MG-63

Get tips on using Cell Counting Kit-8 to perform RNA quantification Coloremetric