DNA Damage Assay Human bronchial epithelial cells (hBE)

Get tips on using GenJet™ In Vitro DNA Transfection Reagent to perform DNA transfection Mammalian cells - Immortalized cell lines COS7

Get tips on using X-tremeGENE™ HP DNA Transfection Reagent to perform DNA transfection Mammalian cells - Immortalized cell lines H9C2

Get tips on using X-tremeGENE™ HP DNA Transfection Reagent to perform DNA transfection Mammalian cells - Immortalized cell lines Huh7

Get tips on using RealTime-Glo™ MT Cell Viability Assay to perform Live / Dead assay mammalian cells - INS-1 832/12

Get tips on using AllPrep DNA/RNA/miRNA Universal Kit to perform RNA isolation / purification Tissue - human lung tissue

Get tips on using AllPrep DNA/RNA/miRNA Universal Kit to perform RNA isolation / purification Tissue - human adipose tissue

Get tips on using Live/Dead cell Staining Kit II to perform Live / Dead assay mammalian cells - SH-SY5Y Human neuroblastoma

Get tips on using LIVE/DEAD™ Cell Imaging Kit to perform Live / Dead assay mammalian cells - SH-SY5Y Human neuroblastoma

Get tips on using Live/Dead cell Staining Kit II to perform Live / Dead assay mammalian cells - bmMSCs human bone marrow

Cell cytotoxicity assays measure the ability of certain compounds or chemical mediators to reduce the viability of the cells. The term cell cytotoxicity assay can sometimes be used interchangeably with cell proliferation assay. Healthy living cells can be identified by the use of formazan dyes, protease biomarkers or by measuring ATP content. The formazan dyes are chromogenic products formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts by dehydrogenases, such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and reductases that are released during cell death. Common tetrazolium salts include INT, MTT, MTS and XTT. Cell cytotoxicity can also be measured by using the SRB and WST-1 assays. These assays can usually be used in a high-throughput fashion and can be quantitated by measuring absorbance, colorimetry or luminescence. All these assays require similar numbers of cell plating at the initiation, a time course of treatment with the cytotoxic agent and at least triplicates for each condition at every point of analysis. Cell shrinkage, plasma membrane blebbing, cell detachment, externalization of phosphatidylserine, nuclear condensation and ultimately DNA fragmentation are well-described features of apoptosis. The assays that rely on cell membrane integrity for their function, may not be able to quantify early apoptosis. Therefore, in order to distinguish early apoptotic vs. late apoptotic or necrotic cells, additional flow cytometry techniques can be used. A combination of Annexin V and PI (propidium iodide) can be used to distinguish early (Annexin V+/PI-) and late apoptotic (Annexin V+/PI+) cells. Sometimes, caspase assays are used in order to differentiate the stages of apoptosis.