Site Directed Mutagenesis (SDM) Rat

TUNEL assay is the cell death detection method where the biochemical marker of apoptosis is DNA fragmentation. The assay involves the microscopical detection of generated DNA fragments with free 3'-hydroxyl residues. in apoptotic cells using enzyme terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) which adds biotinylated nucleotides at the site of DNA breaks. Major challenges of this method involve proper access of the enzyme which could be hampered by poor permeabilization and/or excessive fixation with cross-linking fixative (common with archival tissue). This issue can be resolved by optimizing the incubation time with Proteinase K or CytoninTM.

Get tips on using ON-TARGETplus Human RAB25 (57111) siRNA - SMARTpool to perform siRNA / miRNA gene silencing Human - ES2 RAB25

Get tips on using ON-TARGETplus Human RAB11FIP1 (80223) siRNA - SMARTpool to perform siRNA / miRNA gene silencing Human - A431 RCP/RAB11FIP1

Get tips on using ON-TARGETplus Human RAD51 (5888) siRNA - SMARTpool to perform siRNA / miRNA gene silencing Human - MDA-MB-231 RAD51

Get tips on using ON-TARGETplus Human RAB11FIP1 (80223) siRNA - SMARTpool to perform siRNA / miRNA gene silencing Human - H1299 Rab Coupling Protein (RCP)

Get tips on using ON-TARGETplus Human RAB11FIP1 (80223) siRNA - SMARTpool to perform siRNA / miRNA gene silencing Human - A431 Rab Coupling Protein (RCP)

Get tips on using ON-TARGETplus Human RAB11FIP1 (80223) siRNA - SMARTpool to perform siRNA / miRNA gene silencing Human - MDA-MB-231 Rab Coupling Protein (RCP)

The process of RNA extraction from bacteria, in general, involves an RNA-protective, effective lysis of bacterial cell wall (which may pose difficulties). EDTA promotes loss of outer membrane to provide lysozyme with access to peptidoglycan. Another common method for cell wall lysis is mechanical disruption using a homogenizer (applied for gram-positive bacteria and some strains of gram-negative bacteria). Following lysis, it is necessary to disrupt protein-nucleic acid interactions, which can be achieved by adding sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Next step involves using phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol extraction, where RNA can be obtained from the bottom organic phase, the top phase consists of DNA and the interphase contains proteins. Isoamyl alcohol is an inert and optional addition to this mixture and is added as an anti-foaming reagent to reduce the interphase. Following RNA extraction, the samples should be checked for its quality by gel electrophoresis (23S and 16S rRNAs and 5s rRNA and tRNA bands) or UV spectrophotometric or fluorescence methods.

When extracting nucleic acids from cell cultures, thorough homogenization of cells via vortexing in lysis buffer is very necessary. Choose the best RNA isolation method keeping in mind the downstream applications, generally, column-based isolations result in clean and concentrated RNA samples. Downstream applications like sequencing and cDNA synthesis require high-quality RNA, always treat the samples with DNases and check their integrity by running a gel.

DNA ladder is typically used as a reference to estimate the size of unknown DNA samples that are separated based on their mobility in an electrical field. The critical points for running a DNA ladder are compatibility with running buffer, agarose gel percentage, and choosing the correct range of DNA ladder for sizing DNA molecules.