angiogenesis-assay-human

Get tips on using FITC anti-human/mouse Granzyme B Antibody to perform Flow cytometry Anti-bodies Mouse - Granzyme B

Get tips on using ROS-ID® Total ROS/Superoxide detection kit to perform ROS assay cell type - PANC-, BxPC-3 human pancreas

Get tips on using ROS-ID® Total ROS/Superoxide detection kit to perform ROS assay cell type - PC-3 human prostate adenocarcinoma

Get tips on using In Situ Cell Death Detection Kit, TMR red to perform TUNEL assay cell type - HEK293 human embryonic kidney cells

Get tips on using ApopTag® Peroxidase In Situ Apoptosis Detection Kit to perform TUNEL assay cell type - FaDu human squamous cell carcinoma

Get tips on using Oris™ Universal Cell Migration Assembly Kit, 96 wells to perform Wound healing assay cell type - human MCF-7

Get tips on using LIVE/DEAD™ Viability/Cytotoxicity Kit, for mammalian cells to perform Live / Dead assay mammalian cells - human fibroblast tissue

Get tips on using The Premo Autophagy Tandem Sensor RFP-GFP-LC3B Kit to perform Autophagy assay cell type - Human osteosarcoma cancer cells

Get tips on using FragEL™ DNA Fragmentation Detection Kit, Colorimetric - TdT Enzyme to perform Apoptosis assay cell type - Human endometrial stromal cells

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been greatly used for studies on embryonic development and cell differentiation.iPSCs provide a stable source for either self-renewal or differentiation into suitable cells when cultured in a particular environment. Pluripotent cell culture was originally started by deriving cells from inner cell mass (ICM) from pre-implanted blastocysts, these were called embryonic stem cells. These cells after isolation can be grown on traditional extracellular matrices (like mouse embryonic fibroblasts, MEFs) or feeder-free culture systems. DMEM/F12 has been the most commonly used basal media in the culture of pluripotent cells. These cells are cultured at normal atmospheric oxygen levels, 21%, however, some studies have proposed that 4% oxygen tension may be better for hESC growth. Higher D-glucose concentration (4.2g/l) and osmolarity (320mOsm) that mimics the natural environment of embryonic tissue are optimal for the growth of hESCs. Supplements like N2 and/or B-27, in the presence of growth factors like bFGF, have been shown to increase pluripotency of these cells. bFGF, FGF2 and other ligands of receptor tyrosine kinases like IGF are also required or maintain self-renewal ability of these cells. TGF𝛃1, by its activation of SMAD2/3 signalling, also represses differentiation of iPSCs. Other compounds like ROCK inhibitors reduce blebbing and apoptosis in these cells to maintain their clonogenicity. However, an inhibitor for LIF (leukaemia inhibitory factor, which is one of the pluripotent genes) has an opposing effect. Therefore, it is important to understand the culture conditions and media composition that affect downstream signalling in hESCs or iPSCs that may lead to their differentiation.