DNA methylation profiling Gene specific profiling HeLa

Get tips on using ChIP-IT® Express Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Kits to perform ChIP Rat - Heart

Get tips on using CelLytic™ MT Cell Lysis Reagent to perform Protein isolation Tissue - Mouse heart

Get tips on using MagMAX™-96 Total RNA Isolation Kit to perform RNA isolation / purification Tissue - Rat Heart

Get tips on using MagMAX™-96 Total RNA Isolation Kit to perform RNA isolation / purification Tissue - rat heart tissue

Get tips on using GenCatch™ Total RNA Extraction Kit to perform RNA isolation / purification Tissue - Rat Liver

Get tips on using GenCatch™ Total RNA Extraction Kit to perform RNA isolation / purification Tissue - rat liver tissue

Get tips on using ApopTag® Peroxidase In Situ Apoptosis Detection Kit to perform TUNEL assay cell type - HNSCC Detroit 562 human head and neck tumor cells

Get tips on using SNP Type™ 96.96 Genotyping Reagent Kit with Control Line Fluid—10 IFCs to perform Cell line authentication Human prostatic cancer cell line DU145

Get tips on using SNP Type™ 96.96 Genotyping Reagent Kit with Control Line Fluid—10 IFCs to perform Cell line authentication Human prostatic cancer cell line PC3

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been greatly used for studies on embryonic development and cell differentiation.iPSCs provide a stable source for either self-renewal or differentiation into suitable cells when cultured in a particular environment. Pluripotent cell culture was originally started by deriving cells from inner cell mass (ICM) from pre-implanted blastocysts, these were called embryonic stem cells. These cells after isolation can be grown on traditional extracellular matrices (like mouse embryonic fibroblasts, MEFs) or feeder-free culture systems. DMEM/F12 has been the most commonly used basal media in the culture of pluripotent cells. These cells are cultured at normal atmospheric oxygen levels, 21%, however, some studies have proposed that 4% oxygen tension may be better for hESC growth. Higher D-glucose concentration (4.2g/l) and osmolarity (320mOsm) that mimics the natural environment of embryonic tissue are optimal for the growth of hESCs. Supplements like N2 and/or B-27, in the presence of growth factors like bFGF, have been shown to increase pluripotency of these cells. bFGF, FGF2 and other ligands of receptor tyrosine kinases like IGF are also required or maintain self-renewal ability of these cells. TGF𝛃1, by its activation of SMAD2/3 signalling, also represses differentiation of iPSCs. Other compounds like ROCK inhibitors reduce blebbing and apoptosis in these cells to maintain their clonogenicity. However, an inhibitor for LIF (leukaemia inhibitory factor, which is one of the pluripotent genes) has an opposing effect. Therefore, it is important to understand the culture conditions and media composition that affect downstream signalling in hESCs or iPSCs that may lead to their differentiation.