DNA methylation profiling Gene specific profiling Whole blood (human)

Get tips on using SimpleChIP® Enzymatic Chromatin IP Kit (Magnetic Beads) #9003 to perform ChIP Human - SH-SY5Y

Get tips on using Cultrex® In Vitro Angiogenesis Assay Tube Formation Kit to perform Angiogenesis assay human - PMVEC

Get tips on using Cultrex® In Vitro Angiogenesis Assay Tube Formation Kit to perform Angiogenesis assay human - hRMVEC

Get tips on using Cultrex® In Vitro Angiogenesis Assay Tube Formation Kit to perform Angiogenesis assay human - HUVEC

Get tips on using Monoclonal Mouse Anti-Villin (Autostainer Link 48) Clone 1D2 C3 to perform Immunohistochemistry Human - Villin

Get tips on using CONFIRM anti-Estrogen Receptor (ER) (SP1) Rabbit Monoclonal Primary Antibody to perform Immunohistochemistry Human - ER

Get tips on using LIVE/DEAD™ Viability/Cytotoxicity Kit, for mammalian cells to perform Live / Dead assay mammalian cells - SH-SY5Y Human neuroblastoma

Get tips on using DeadEnd™ Colorimetric TUNEL System to perform TUNEL assay cell type - HNSCC Detroit 562 human head and neck tumor cells

Get tips on using in situ Cell Death Detection Kit, POD to perform TUNEL assay cell type - A549, NCI-H460, H1299 human alveolar carcinoma

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been greatly used for studies on embryonic development and cell differentiation.iPSCs provide a stable source for either self-renewal or differentiation into suitable cells when cultured in a particular environment. Pluripotent cell culture was originally started by deriving cells from inner cell mass (ICM) from pre-implanted blastocysts, these were called embryonic stem cells. These cells after isolation can be grown on traditional extracellular matrices (like mouse embryonic fibroblasts, MEFs) or feeder-free culture systems. DMEM/F12 has been the most commonly used basal media in the culture of pluripotent cells. These cells are cultured at normal atmospheric oxygen levels, 21%, however, some studies have proposed that 4% oxygen tension may be better for hESC growth. Higher D-glucose concentration (4.2g/l) and osmolarity (320mOsm) that mimics the natural environment of embryonic tissue are optimal for the growth of hESCs. Supplements like N2 and/or B-27, in the presence of growth factors like bFGF, have been shown to increase pluripotency of these cells. bFGF, FGF2 and other ligands of receptor tyrosine kinases like IGF are also required or maintain self-renewal ability of these cells. TGF𝛃1, by its activation of SMAD2/3 signalling, also represses differentiation of iPSCs. Other compounds like ROCK inhibitors reduce blebbing and apoptosis in these cells to maintain their clonogenicity. However, an inhibitor for LIF (leukaemia inhibitory factor, which is one of the pluripotent genes) has an opposing effect. Therefore, it is important to understand the culture conditions and media composition that affect downstream signalling in hESCs or iPSCs that may lead to their differentiation.